Advanced Relative Pronoun Rules 1–5: Common Errors & Examples (English & Punjabi)

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Are you constantly confused about when to use “as”, “but”, or “what” instead of which or that in English grammar? If you are preparing for competitive exams like SSC, Banking, NDA, or IELTS, relative pronoun errors are a notorious trap where marks are easily lost.
ਕੀ ਤੁਸੀਂ English Grammar ਵਿੱਚ ਇਹ ਸਮਝਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਲਝਣ ਮਹਿਸੂਸ ਕਰਦੇ ਹੋ ਕਿ which ਜਾਂ that ਦੀ ਬਜਾਏ “as”, “but”, ਜਾਂ “what” ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਕਦੋਂ ਕਰਨੀ ਹੈ? ਜੇਕਰ ਤੁਸੀਂ SSC, Banking, NDA, ਜਾਂ IELTS ਵਰਗੇ Competitive Exams ਦੀ ਤਿਆਰੀ ਕਰ ਰਹੇ ਹੋ, ਤਾਂ relative pronoun ਦੀਆਂ ਗਲਤੀਆਂ ਇੱਕ ਅਜਿਹਾ trap ਹਨ ਜਿੱਥੇ ਨੰਬਰ ਆਸਾਨੀ ਨਾਲ ਕੱਟੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ।

In this comprehensive guide, we break down Rules 1 to 5 of Advanced Relative Pronouns with crystal-clear explanations in both English and Punjabi. Learn how to spot hidden grammatical traps, avoid mistakes with antecedents and personal pronouns, and boost your exam accuracy instantly!
ਇਸ comprehensive guide ਵਿੱਚ, ਅਸੀਂ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅਤੇ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੋਵਾਂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਪੱਸ਼ਟ ਵਿਆਖਿਆ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ Advanced Relative Pronouns ਦੇ ਨਿਯਮ (Rule 1 ਤੋਂ 5) ਨੂੰ ਸਰਲ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਹੈ। ਸਿੱਖੋ ਕਿ ਲੁਕਵੇਂ ਵਿਆਕਰਣਿਕ ਜਾਲਾਂ ਦੀ ਪਛਾਣ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਕਰਨੀ ਹੈ, Antecedents ਅਤੇ Personal Pronouns ਨਾਲ ਹੋਣ ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਗਲਤੀਆਂ ਤੋਂ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਬਚਣਾ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਪ੍ਰੀਖਿਆ ਦੀ ਤਿਆਰੀ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਬਿਹਤਰ ਬਣਾਉਣਾ ਹੈ!

Rule (1): Use of As after “Such + a/an + Noun”

After the structure Such + a/an + Noun or Such + a/an + Adjective + Noun, the relative pronoun must be as. Using that, which, who, whom in this position is grammatically incorrect.
Such + a/an + Noun ਜਾਂ Such + a/an + Adjective + Noun ਦੇ ਬਾਅਦ relative pronoun as ਹੀ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਥਾਂ that, which, who, whom ਵਰਤਣਾ ਗਲਤ ਹੈ।

Examples

  • She is not such a beautiful girl as he expected. (Correct)
  • She is not such a beautiful girl that/which/whom/who he expected. (Incorrect)
  • He asked as many questions as he could. (Correct)
  • He asked as many questions which/that/who/whom he could. (Incorrect)

Key Point

  • Rule: After Such + a/an + Noun or Such + a/an + Adjective + Noun, always use as, not that/which/who/whom.
    Such + a/an + Noun ਜਾਂ Such + a/an + Adjective + Noun ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਹਮੇਸ਼ਾ as ਵਰਤੋ, that/which/who/whom ਨਹੀਂ।

Rule (2): No Use of The Same for Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns like I, me, it, him, her, them, etc. cannot be replaced by the same. Using the same in place of personal pronouns is grammatically incorrect.
I, me, it, him, her, them ਵਰਗੇ personal pronouns ਦੀ ਥਾਂ the same ਨਹੀਂ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ। Personal pronouns ਦੀ ਥਾਂ the same ਵਰਤਣਾ ਗਲਤ ਹੈ।

Examples

  • I gave her a pen and she gave it to Veena. (Correct)
  • I gave her a pen and she gave the same to Veena. (Incorrect)

Key Point

  • Rule: Personal pronouns must not be replaced by the same.
    Personal pronouns ਦੀ ਥਾਂ the same ਨਹੀਂ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ।

Rule (3): Use of But as a Relative Pronoun

When But is used as a relative pronoun, it means “who…not” or “which…not.” In this case, but is used after a negative word (e.g., nothing, no one, nobody).
ਜਦੋਂ But ਨੂੰ relative pronoun ਵਜੋਂ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਤਾਂ ਇਸਦਾ ਅਰਥ “ਜੋ…ਨਹੀਂ” ਜਾਂ “ਜਿਸਨੇ…ਨਹੀਂ” ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ case ਵਿੱਚ but ਹਮੇਸ਼ਾ ਕਿਸੇ negative word (ਜਿਵੇਂ nothing, no one, nobody) ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।

Examples

  • There was nothing but was breakable. (Correct)
    → Meaning: There was nothing which was not breakable.
    → ਕੁਝ ਵੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੀ ਜੋ ਭੰਗੁਰ ਨਾ ਸੀ।
  • There was no one but saw me. (Correct)
    → Meaning: There was no one who did not see me.
    → ਕੋਈ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੀ ਜਿਸਨੇ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਨਾ ਦੇਖਿਆ ਹੋਵੇ।
  • There is no Hindu but knows the story of the Ramayana. (Correct)
    → Meaning: There is no Hindu who does not know the story of the Ramayana.
    → ਕੋਈ ਹਿੰਦੂ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਰਾਮਾਇਣ ਦੀ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਨਾ ਜਾਣਦਾ ਹੋਵੇ।

Key Point

  • Rule: When But functions as a relative pronoun, it follows a negative word and means “who/which…not.”
    ਜਦੋਂ But relative pronoun ਵਜੋਂ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਵੇ, ਤਾਂ ਇਹ negative word ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਆਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸਦਾ ਅਰਥ “ਜੋ/ਜਿਸਨੇ…ਨਹੀਂ” ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ।

Rule (4): Use of What as a Relative Pronoun

The relative pronoun what is also used.
Relative pronoun what ਵੀ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।

  • In singular sense, what means “the thing which” or “that which.”
    Singular sense ਵਿੱਚ what ਦਾ ਅਰਥ “the thing which” ਜਾਂ “that which” ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ।
  • In plural sense, what means “the things which” or “those which.” It is used only for things/objects.
    Plural sense ਵਿੱਚ what ਦਾ ਅਰਥ “the things which” ਜਾਂ “those which” ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਵਸਤੂਆਂ/ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।

Examples

  • What you say is false. (Correct)
    → What = The thing which / That which
    → ਜੋ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਹਿੰਦੇ ਹੋ, ਝੂਠਾ/ਅਸਲੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ।
  • You can eat what you like. (Correct)
    → What = The things which / Those which
    → ਤੁਸੀਂ ਉਹ ਖਾ ਸਕਦੇ ਹੋ ਜੋ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਪਸੰਦ ਕਰਦੇ ਹੋ।

Key Point

  • Rule: As a relative pronoun, what means the thing which / that which (singular) or the things which / those which (plural).
    Relative pronoun ਵਜੋਂ what ਦਾ ਅਰਥ the thing which / that which (singular) ਜਾਂ the things which / those which (plural) ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ।

Rule (5): No Use of What for Antecedent

The relative pronoun what is not used for an antecedent, because what itself already carries the meaning of “the thing which” or “the things which.” Therefore, when an antecedent (like the pen, any book) is present, using what is incorrect. Instead, which or that must be used.
Relative pronoun what ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਯੋਗ antecedent ਲਈ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦਾ, ਕਿਉਂਕਿ what ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੀ “the thing which” ਜਾਂ “the things which” ਦਾ ਅਰਥ ਰੱਖਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਲਈ ਜਦੋਂ antecedent (ਜਿਵੇਂ the pen, any book) ਮੌਜੂਦ ਹੋਵੇ, ਤਾਂ what ਵਰਤਣਾ ਗਲਤ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ which ਜਾਂ that ਵਰਤਣਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਹੈ।

Examples

  • He has given me the pen what I needed. (Incorrect)
  • He has given me the pen which/that I needed. (Correct)
  • She can take any book what she likes. (Incorrect)
  • She can take any book that she likes. (Correct)

Key Point

  • Rule: What must not be used for an antecedent; use which/that instead.
    Antecedent ਲਈ what ਨਹੀਂ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ; ਇਸ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ which/that ਵਰਤੋ।
Relative Pronouns (11-20) Rules
Relative Pronouns (5-10) Rules
Relative Pronouns (1-5) Rules
Relative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns (Each Other & One Another) Rules with Examples
Distributive Pronouns Rules & Examples
Pronoun Agreement Rules in English Grammar (Rules 21–31)
Pronoun Agreement Rules in English Grammar (Rules 11–20)
Pronoun Agreement Rules in English Grammar (Rules 01–10)
Use of “It”
Possessive Pronouns: Rules
Use of Possessive Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Use of Pronouns in the Objective Case
Use of Pronouns in the Nominative Case
Pronouns
Apostrophe (‘s) 5 Grammar Rules 31-37
Apostrophe (‘s) 5 Grammar Rules 26-30
Apostrophe (‘s) 5 Grammar Rules 21-25
Apostrophe (‘s) 5 Grammar Rules 16-20
Apostrophe (‘s) 5 Grammar Rules 11-15
Apostrophe (‘s) 5 Grammar Rules 6-10
Apostrophe (‘s) 5 Grammar Rules 1-5
Noun and Case (ਕਾਰਕ)
Noun and Gender (ਲਿੰਗ)
Noun Number Rules Rules 21-27
Noun and Number Rules 11–20
Noun and Number
Noun
No Usage of the Definite Article “The” — Rules 31–35
No Usage of the Definite Article “The” — Rules 26–30
No Usage of the Definite Article “The” — Rules 21–25
No Usage of the Definite Article “The” — Rules 16–20
No Usage of the Definite Article “The” — Rules 11–15
No Usage of the Definite Article “The” — Rules 6–10
No Usage of the Definite Article “The” — Rules 1–5
Usage of the definite article ‘The’ — Rules 41‑43
Usage of the definite article ‘The’ — Rules 36‑40
Usage of the definite article ‘The’ — Rules 31‑35
Usage of the definite article ‘The’ — Rules 25‑30
Usage of the definite article ‘The’ — Rules 21‑25
Usage of the definite article ‘The’ — Rules 16‑20
Usage of the definite article ‘The’ — Rules 11‑15
Usage of the definite article ‘The’ — Rules 6‑10
Usage of the definite article ‘The’ — Rules 1‑5

About the Author – Sam

I am the main content writer at RankersChoice.com. My work is focused on writing articles that help candidates prepare for exams like PSSSB, PPSC, SSC, IBPS, and many other state and national‑level government exams. I have been teaching for more than 10 years. I have also cleared exams including SSC CGL, SSC CPO, SSC CHSL, Punjab Patwari, and Punjab Excise Inspector. My goal is to provide valuable resources for aspiring candidates while promoting RankersChoice.com mission.

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